Baa'l, Bali, Kabali, Kabalam, Karabalam and Cannibal
And
Mahabali versus Vamana avatar.
The word Bali represents the Deva Nagari--Meriotic proto Dravidian word Ka bali [Lord Siva] or Kabalm-- which signifies the skull or head [in sacrifice] . Kabali must be a root word for cannibal and cannibalism.
King Amani khabale was a Nubian king --Period--middle of first century CE.
[Ref--www.en .Wikipedia.org/wiki/list of _monarchs _ of _Kush]
Well! The name Bali can be also pronounced as Pali. Pali in Tamil means ritual sacrifice [.Pazhi means revenge]. There is one saying in Tamil “palikku pazhi: rathhathirku rath' um” [blood for blood]. Hence Bali must be an ancient site where sacrifice [perhaps human sacrifice] for gods and goddesses should have taken place
Bali, Indonesia: Balinese culture was strongly influenced by Indian, Chinese, and particularly Hindu culture , beginning around the 1st century AD. The name Bali dwipa ("Bali island") has been discovered from various inscriptions, including the Blanjong pillar inscription written by Sri Kesari Warmadewa in 914 AD and mentioning "Wali'dwipa ".{ Ref-www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bali} .
Bali is in Rethymno Prefecture on the island of Crete in Greece. Bali is not named after the Indonesian island. An educated local told that it is from the word "Vali" that means "Prince" This contradicts the Lonely Planet's guide book that says it is from the old Turkish word for "Honey" (Honey was produced there during the Turkish rule [Ref www.en.wikipedia.org/wikibali-crete}
Note: Note the similarity of the name Wali' dwipa [of Bali island --Indonesia] and the prince, Vali of Crete.
Visitors to Bali, Indonesia who have had the opportunity to witness a cremation ceremony will be aware that it is a truly extraordinary pageant. The huge crowd of spectators, the elaborately decorated bamboo pyramid (bade), the long procession, the chanting priests (pedanda), the music of the gamelan, the funeral pyre, all this and more, makes for an extremely colorful spectacle. Today's ceremony, however, traditional though it is in most respects, is no longer identical to that staged in pre-colonial times. The most important difference is that, in the contemporary ceremony, the custom of sacrificing one or more women custom the Balinese called mesatia (loyalty), 1 has been replaced by the more humane practice of burning a number of straw puppets .[Ref--Human sacrifices in Bali: Sources ,notes and commentary by Alfons Van Der Kraan.]
Malayalam: also known as Bali or Maveli was a benevolent Asura king and the grandson of Prahlada in Indian mythology. The festival of Onam , celebrated by Malayali Hindus in the southern Indian state of Kerala, and the Government of Kerala declared Onam as the ‘State Festival' of Kerala in 1960, commemorates his yearly homecoming after being sent down to the underworld Sutala by Vamana , the fifth avatar of Vishnu .
Onam is observed by all Malayalees as the return of the pious Mahabali to Kerala Colorful aquatic festivals (e.g., boat races) are held on this occasion on the banks of the river Pampa The celebration occurs all over Kerala and in the Malayalee diasporas {Ref- en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabali}.
Note the similarity of the names , Wali' dwipa of Bali, Vali prince of Cretan Bali and the asuran King of Kerala Ma Veli!
Mahatma Phule's interpretation about Maha Bali:
Mahatma Phule, the leader of non-Brahmin movement, interpreted the myth of Bali in the revolutionary manner. The story prevalent in the Brahminical tradition revers Vamana as incarnation of Vishnu, who pushed Bali to the nether-world. Phule, on the other hand, celebrated Bali as the king of the people, peasants or original inhabitants of India (as opposed to Aryan Brahmins, who came to India from Iran, in accordance with the Orientalist theories prevalent in that period). Thus, in Phule's interpretation, Vamana became the symbol of Aryans/ Brahmins, who enslaved and exploited indigenous people, symbolized by Bali. He based his argument on the fact that on the day of Diwali and Dasara, women in Maharashtra say, "may the misery and agony go away, may the kingdom of Bali be established". Phule also calls India as Balisthan, naming it after Bali .[ Ref-en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabali]
Baal is the name of several pagan gods that date back to the 14th century BC among the ancient Semitic peoples, and most specifically the fertility deity of the ancient Canaanite peoples . The cult of Baal celebrated annually his death and resurrection as a part of the Canaanite fertility rituals and involved human sacrifices and temple prostitution the worship of Baal often led the Israelites astray from God due to the carnal pleasures derived from temple prostitutes.
As the sun-god, Baal was worshipped under two aspects, beneficent and destructive. On the one hand he gave light and warmth to his worshippers; on the other hand the fierce heats of summer destroyed the vegetation he had himself brought into being. Hence, human victims were sacrificed to him in order to appease his anger in time of plague or other trouble, the victim being usually the first-born of the sacrifice and being burnt alive . In the Old Testament this is euphemistically termed "passing" the victim "through the fire". The forms under which Baal was worshipped were necessarily as numerous as the communities which worshipped him. Each locality had its own Baal or divine "lord" who frequently took his name from the city or place to which he belonged; i.e. Baal-Zur, "Baal of Tyre"; Baal-hermon, "Baal of Hermon" ; Baal-Lebanon, "Baal of Lebanon"; Baal-Tarz, "Baal of Tarsus." At other times the title was attached to the name of an individual god, such as Bel-Merodach ("the Lord Merodach" or "Bel is Merodach") at Babylon, Baal-Melkarth at Tyre, and Baal-gad in the north of Palestine. Occasionally the second element was noun as in Baal-Shemaim, "lord of heaven," Baalzebub (2 Kings 1:2), "lord of flies," Baal-Hamman, usually interpreted "lord of heat," but more probably "lord of the sunpillar," the tutelary deity of Carthage. All these various forms of the sun-god were collectively known as the Baalim or "Baals" who took their place by the side of the female Ashtaroth and Ashtrim. At Carthage the female consort of Baal was termed Pene-Baal , "the face" or "reflection of Baal ." [Ref-www.conservapedia.com/Baal].
Note: In Tamil language, Pene Baal of Carthage can be called as Pen Pal, which means female Gender. Male gender is called as Aan pal . If Ball is the god, the sexual secretions of men are called as Aan pal i.e. Milk of men namely the semen . If the female consort of Ball was termed as Pene Ball[as in Carthage] , the sexual secretions of women is called as Pen Pal i.e. Milk of women namely Mother's milk [pal also denotes Milk in Tamil] .
Baa'l god was a sun god as well as a fertility god as lord Siva ,Kabali who was offered human sacrifices.
Sacrifice was a religious activity in Maya Culture, involving either the Killing of animals or the bloodletting by members of the community, in rituals superintended by priests. Sacrifice has been a feature of almost all pre-modern societies at some stage of their development and for broadly the same reason: to propitiate or fulfill a perceived obligation towards the gods .
Ritualized bloodletting was usually performed in public by religious or political leaders piercing a soft body part, most commonly the tongue, ear or foreskin , and collecting the blood to smear directly on the idol or collecting it on paper, which was then burned. In what is today Nicaragua, the blood was smeared on maize , distributed to the people and baked into sacred bread. The blood could also be collected from the non-elite, often from the foreskins of youths, or from high-ranking women .
The site of collection was of obvious ritual significance. Joralemon notes it is "virtually certain" that blood from thepenis and the vagina were the most sacred and had "extraordinary Fertilizing power " and that such rituals were essential for the regeneration of the natural world, particularly cultivated plants. In one dramatic variant men and women "gathered in the temple in a line, and each made a pierced hole though the member, across from side to side, and then passed through as great a quantity of cord as they could stand; and thus all together fastened and strung together, they anointed the statue of the demon [the Spanish original says "Ba'al"] with the collected blood." But auto-sacrifice could also be an everyday event, with those passing by an idol anointing it with blood drawn on the spot as a sign of piety [ [enwikipedia.org/wiki/sacrifice_in_maya_culture].
Note: The demon god for which sacrifice was done in Mayan culture was called as Ba'al.
Look at the similarity of calling Indonesian Bali as “Wali” dwipa , the root word Vali[prince] for the Cretan Bali and the Dravidian King's name Ma veli . Vali means “to have a long life” or “long live” in Tamil. That means a person was sacrificed so that the other community members would have a long prosperous life and at the same time, the sacrificed person would live eternally in the hearts of the community members. It seems that a great prince [Greek Cretan vali][Indian king Maaveli] was sacrificed in the ancient past I.e. a Maha pali was done [great sacrifice]. The place where Maha Pali took place would have been later called as Maha Bali and in due course Maha bali per se, became the name of the king Maha veli.
Balim [Baleim] of Papua New Guinea;
The Baliem Valley , also spelled Balim Valley and sometimes known as the Grand Valley , of the highlands of western New Papua, is occupied by the Dani people. The main town in the valley is Wamena . The valley is about 80 km in length by 20 km in width and lies at an altitude of about 1,600-1,700 Wamena is the capital town of the Jeya Vijaya Regency of Indonesia of. It is the largest town in Indonesian Papua highlands, in the Baleim valley and has a population of around 10,000. Wamena is the urban centre of a rural area housing West Papua's highest concentration of population, with over 300 000 people inhabiting the Baliem Valley and surrounding areas. These people belong to a number of related ethnic groups, the most prominent of which are referred to as Dani, Lani and Yali.
Note: Balim Valley is called as the Grand valley i.e. Maha valley. The name of the town Wamena is very much similar to the Brahmin dwarf's name Vamana [Vishnu's avatar].
Danis are the most decorative tribes in the west Papua. Dani men wear long and thin Kotekas and have boar tusks in their noses and their headdresses are made up of paradise bird's feathers. The Dani women wear short skirts woven from orchid fibers, decorated with straw and with indispensible woven bags called “noken” across their backs. They were the most dreaded head-hunting tribe on the Island , but they did not eat their enemies , like the majority of the other Papuan tribes did.Dani build round or oval huts and their villages are enclosed by fences. They are farmers and their small fields are distinctly bordered.
Lanis inhabit a smaller part of Baliem valley because their main territory is in the mountains southeast of Wamena. Lani men were thick kotekas which serve as a case for tobacco and other valuables. The women wear short skirts made up of grass as well as the indispensable bags across their backs. Men sometimes wear hairnets which they color in black. The rest of the decoration is done by using bird feathers, especially of paradise birds.
Note; the koteke is phonetically similar to the Tamil Word Kottakai which means a “cover over the open top}
Papua Yali tribe [the tree people] belonged to the most dreaded cannibals of the western part of the New Guinea Island. i.e. Irian Jaya.They are ranked among the pygmy group of nations[dwarf nations] , and more precisely among pygmy negritos. The mature men are scarcely taller than 150cms.
The reason why, Papua Yalis were particularly dreaded, was because they totally destroyed their enemies. They did not only eat the body , but they allegedly grinded the bones to dust which was then thrown in to the valley. They did all this to prevent the victim from never returning . People from the neighboring villages are not only killed for revenge, sometimes just for meat.
Asmat is the most famous cannibalistic tribe in Papua. The would keep human skulls under their heads as a pillow. They would eat the brains of their enemies , animals mixed with sago worms straight from their halved skulls. Asmat did not only hunt for skulls, but they also worshipped them.
Note: In Kerala, the brain is called as “thalai sorru”. Thalai means head and ‘sorru ‘means the staple food of that place, namely boiled rice.
Korawai and Komabai are also cannibalistic tribes .They live in the basin of the Brazza River in the vast lowland jungles. Mosquitoes and age old rivalry forced them to build houses in the tops of the trees. The Men of these tribes do not wear koteka . Instead they have their penises pushed in to the scrotum and on the skin which sticks out; they have tightly tied a green leaf. The women wear short skirts made of sago palm phloem, which is also their main food. Kombais are the most beautiful tribe people of Papua. Their menacing look is intensified by long necklaces made of dog teeth , and they rarely lay their bows and arrows aside. The heads of the arrows are often made of bones. The bone headed arrow s are exclusively for hunting people. [Ref-Papuatrekking.com/korawai-kombai.html].
Note: The tribal name Korowai is very much similar to the Koravan tribal people of Tamil Nadu , Kerala and Srilanka .
Kuravans form the sixth largest Scheduled Caste population in Tamil Nadu state And other states in South India are Kerala, Andhra and Karnataka. Many Kuravans live near the Idukki Arch Dam [Kerala] which is the world's second and Asia's first arch dam, constructed across the Kuravan and Kurathi hills. The dam lies close to the Cheruthoni barrage and to its west is the Kalamavu dam .Basically Kuravans are Tribals. Kuravan's other names are Sidhanar, Malai Kuravan, Vedar and Veduvar. Kuravan names may be called as Sidhanar for social status because other community pupils not respect to name of Kuravan. Legend says the god Murugan married the daughter (Valli) of Kuravan, a tribal leader (Nambirajan) from the mountains. Kuravan community was mentioned in familiar Tamil literatures like Silappathikaram, Kuttrala kuravanchi, Agathiam, Tholgappiam and Thirumurugatruppadai. They make certain household items out of bamboos and palm leafs and sells them to earn their living. They hunt birds and raise country pigs (black pigs) both for their consumption and sale. They also hunt cats from the village for consumption. Some of them work as fortune-tellers. Since they use the trained Kili (parrot) to predict the fortune of the people, they are also known as kili josiyars [.Ref-www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile ]
They are also known as Malai Kuruvans, Kuravans, Thalaiyaris, Kavalkara koravars, uppu koravars, Dabi Koravars(simbu koravars), Gandarvakottai Koravars, Inji Koravars, Koravars, Kalinji Dabikoravars, Kala Koravars, Monda Koravars, karuvapillai koravars, Thogamalai koravars, mel nadu and kel nadu koravars, Kathukuthi koravars, Pachai kuthi Koravars, sidanars, Kurumans, Kattu Naicker, panikers, vedars, vettuvars, [Ref--www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/koravar ].
Kuravan Kottai is a small village in Madhanur Taluk in Vellore District in Tamil Nadu state. Velliankattu Pudur or also people called as Kuravan (m) Palayam are a remote village in Tamil Nadu, India . It is situated nearer to Gobichettipalayam.
Kuravan is also place in Faizabad District of Uthar Pradesh in India.
There is another Meaning for the word Kuravan [kuravar--pleural ] in Tamil. Kuravan means [different pronunciation from that of tribal Kuravan , as in samayak kuravan].Ie. elderly respectable person, Moothon, a priest, king, father of all. [Ref-- www.tamildictionary.org/tamil_english] Naturally the kuravan tribal people [hunters -gatherers ] are the elderly fathers of all.
Kore (plural korai) is the name given to a type of ancient Greek sculpture of the archaic period.
There are multiple theories on who they represent, and as to whether they represent mortals or deities. One theory is that they represent Persephone, the daughter in the triad of the Mother Goddess cults or Athena or votary figures to attend the maiden goddess.
Kouroi are the youthful male equivalent of Kore statues. They both show the restrained " archaic smile ", but — unlike the nude kouroi — korai are depicted in thick drapery, ornate, very colorful and often have elaborate braided hair dress.
A kouros (plural kouroi , ) is the modern term given to those representations of male youths which first appear in the archaic period [600BCE]in Greece. The term kouros , meaning (male) youth , was previously thought to be depictions of Apollo. Some others say Kouroi are burial markers.
It seems that the Greek Kovros is the representation of kuravan of South East Asia and Tamil Nadu India, and it is a form of forefather worship [Kuravan--father of all---the nude, fore fathers].
Kombai is also hill in Udagamandalam valley of Tamil Nadu which is about 1707 Mts in height , to the east of Devashola.
Paaiyan combai, koravanKandi, Muthamankombai. Kadamankombai are the few Tribal settlements in Karamadai range of Coimbatore forest division in TamilNadu, India.
Kombai is a Panchayat town in Theni District in the Indian State of TamilNadu. It is known for cardamom , which it exports. It is also a producer of tamarind and coconut. Kombai is also well known for the breed of Dog"KOMBAI " which is trained used for hunting purpose.
Patchai Malai is a hill range just 80 kilometers north of Trichirappalli, TamilNadu.The mountain range has different small regions like Thenpuranadu[south], Kombai nadu [western area],Aathinadu and vannadu.
Note: cannibalism and ritual sacrifice i.e. pali or Bali are related behaviors in the cultural life of these people.
Etymology of the word Cannibalism :
1 The word 'cannibal' is derived from the Spanish word "Caníbalis". Though there are many thoughts on the specific origin of this word, the most popular seems to be that of a story surrounding explorer Christopher Columbus. Apparently, Columbus visited the areas of Cuba and Haiti where he witnessed a group of tribal warriors that ate human flesh. The act of actually eating human flesh by these tribes was never confirmed however.
The actual origin of the word can be broken down to the word "Carib", which was the name of the actual peoples living in the area, and which is likely the derivative of the area known today as The Caribbean .[Ref-Wiki.answers.com /Q/what is the origin of the word cannibal]
2 Consider the following quote from The Two Babylon's, by Alexander Hislop, page 232: “And it was a principle of the Mosaic law, a principle no doubt derived from the patriarchal faith, that the priest must partake of whatever was offered as a sin-offering . Hence, the priests were necessarily required to eat of the human sacrifices; and thus it has come to pass that ‘Cahna-Bal,' the ‘Priest of Baal,' is the established word in our own tongue for the devourer of human flesh . [Ref--www.mylot.com/w/discussions/441366] [Solving the Mystery of Babylon the Great--by Edward Hendrie].
This practice has its roots in a prime function of all priests of Baal. Keep in mind that the Hebrew word for priest is Cahn.
Note: Since the Canaanites' were the ardent worshippers of Ball god the “ Canni “ of the word cannibal would represent the people of Canaan .
It seems for me, Kabali must be a root word for the ball of the word cannibal and cannibalism .
Etymology of the word Kabalam ; 1. Kara bowl means bowl in the hands [Kara or kai ] used for begging or ritual tantric use and eating or drinking[ Kara or Kai=I hands in Tamil: palam =vessel/plate/sheet pieces ] as in Thambalam [ large circular disc like plate in Tamil;[Related word of Thambalam is Thamboolam , Thanga palam [golden sheet or plate] in Tamil and Tympanum in English as the Thambalam falls down it will make a vibrating noise ].
Kara balam;
Hands and the head symbolism; whenever a person is under stress , he keeps his hands holding his head . It is a phylogenetic behavior of fear over sacrifice or decapitation. “Thalayi kai vaithu sollu”; yaen thalaiyil kai vaithu utkanrthu erukkan avan” are the terms commonly used in Tamil culture.
Laying of hands on the head: One of the primary symbols in the liturgy is the ‘laying on of hands'. From ancient times, to impose hands on someone or to extend one's hand over the person's head was the sign of calling down the Holy Spirit [Ref--.www.togetheratonealtar.catholic.edu.au/craft/dsp/cfm].
2 . Ka+ Palam= Kabalam or Kapalam where Ka = to gain [the food or the brain] and palam =plate. Usually kapalam is called as Mandai o'du in Tamil where mandai [leaning over the mun --the soil or land ] means head and o'du means shell.
3 . Kal+ palam= kalpalam ………..kapalam where ‘kal' means lime stone [like] in Tamil and palam means plate. Thangapalam means golden sheet or plate.
Kara pala[m] of Tamil Language would have become latter as Canni ball in Canaan. Alternatively Kala pali [ the place where sacrifice is being done or Kanni pali [ Kanni--virgin--sacrifice of a virgin] could have been the root words for Cannibalism.
Oryoki: An Oryoki set consists of nested bowls called a jihatsu , usually made of lacquered wood , and utensils all wrapped in a cloth and tied with a topknot resembling a lotus flower. This is the formal style of serving and eating meals practiced in Zen temples wooden oryoki sets of today are like those developed in the monastic community of Hui Neng . The largest bowl, sometimes called the Buddha Bowl or Zuhatsu symbolizes Buddha's head and his wisdom.[ www.upenwikipedia.org/wiki/oroyoki]
Skull cup is a drinking vessel or eating bowl made from an inverted human calveria that has been cut away from the rest of the skull. The use of a human skull as a drinking cup in ritual use or as a trophy is reported in numerous sources throughout history and among various peoples, and among Western cultures is most often associated with the historically nomadic cultures of the Eurasian Steppe .[Ref-en.wikipedia.org/wiki/skull-cup].
Kapala:
Many Tibetan deities and dignitaries , including several Dharmasala's ,Dakins and Mahasiddhas , are depicted as carrying a cup made from the upper part of a human skull. In some cases they are simply carried either empty or filled with blood for drinking by the deity. Skull Cups are also shown with the other Hindu deities like Durga, Kali and Siva [Ref--yoniversum.nl/dakini/kapla.html] wit
Human skulls have been made into macabre cups and bowls for thousands of years. For instance, in the fifth century B.C., ancient Greek historian portrayed the Scythians as people who drank from the skulls of their enemies, and similar traditions have been described by the ancient Chinese historian Sima Qian sometime in the first or second centuries B.C .
Pygmy: Pygmy is a term used for various ethnic groups worldwide whose average height is unusually short; anthropologists define pygmy as any group whose adult men grow to less than 150 cm (59 inches) in average height [ . A member of a slightly taller group is termed "pygmoid." The best known pygmies are the Aka, Efe and Mbuti of Central Africa . There are also pygmies in Australia Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea , and Brazil. The term also includes the Negritos of Southeast Asia .
Negritos in Southeast Asia including the Batak and Aeta of the Philippines , the Anthamanese of the Andaman Islands , and the Semeng of the Malay Peninsula are sometimes called pygmies (especially in older literature).
The remains of at least 25 miniature humans, who lived between 1,000 and 3,000 years ago, were recently (as of 2011) found on the islands of Palau in Micronesia . Their origin and the route of their migration to Asia is still a matter of great speculation. They are genetically distant from Africans, [ and have been shown to have separated early from Asians, suggesting that they are either surviving descendants of settlers from the early out of Africans of the Great Coastal Migration of the Proto -Australoids , or that they are descendants of one of the founder populations of modern humans. The people from Rampassa village of Flores , Indonesia are short-statured without being dark-skinned . [en .wikipedia.org/wiki/pygmy_people].
There is a town called Wamana in Mopti of African republic of Mali. It is alleged that Human sacrifice is still in vogue in Mali Kapala is a small town and commune in the Circle of Kouthiala in the sikasso region of southern Mali . There is also place called singpur wamanan in, Sahar Mandal in Auraiya District in Uthar Pradesh, North India.
Note: The pygmy people can be called as Vamanan or Wamana, as vamanan means dwarf in Sanskrit. These pygmy people can be called as Ganas. Gana means “small” in Tamil. Ganas are attenders of lord Siva as these pygmy cannibals like Yali tribe eat food from the skull like that of Lord Siva who is then called as , called as Kabali or Kabaleeswaran and the ganas are called as Siva ganas. The word cephalous [skull] is originated from the word Kabaloe or Kabalam of Deva Nagari/Sanskrit/Protodravidian]. The origin of the English word” Bowl” is also from the word Kabalam [Kabole]!
Going through all the above said literatures it is clear that Maha vali, the great king or the prince was killed by a pygmy Gana or a vamanan in an encounter in the ancient past. Where did the encounter take place? Was it during an expedition of king MahaBali of southern India to Bali? Was it a gana or a cannibalistic/ head hunter pygmy , a, Wamanan of Bali killed him? Or was it a Pygmy of the ancient Indian subcontinent who had killed Maha Bali for a ritual sacrifice? Remember Siva Ganas [wamanan] were Siva worshippers and there was always rivalry between Dravidian Siva worshippers and the Vedic Brahamincal Vishnu worshippers in the ancient past. If so why a Siva Gana, {Sanskrit-Vamanan} killed Maha veli? Maha veli or Bali ---who was he?! Was he a Siva worshipper or a Vishnu worshipper ?. Was he the Lord Siva Himself? The Ka Bali! Kabaleeswaran ! Or, was he the symbolic representation of Saivite people and their Philosophy?
Bhikshatana ( Sanskrit: Pichai Nathan--Tamil ; literally, "wandering about for alms, mendicancy) or Bhikshatana-murti is an aspect of the Hindu god Siva as the "Supreme Mendicant " or the "Supreme Beggar" Bhikshtana is depicted as a nude four-armed man adorned with ornaments who holds a begging bowl in his hand and is followed by demonic attendants and love-sick women.
Bhikshatana is considered a gentler form of Shiva's fierce aspect Bhairava and a gentle phase between Bhairava's two gruesome forms, one of which decapitates the god Brahmana and the other of which murders the god Vishnu's gatekeeper Bhikshatana is the form of Bhairava that Shiva assumes to atone for his sin of severing Brahma's fifth head. He wanders the universe in the form of a naked Kaplai mendicant, begging for alms with Brahma's Kapala (skullcap) as his begging bowl, until his sin is expiated upon reaching the holy city of Varanasi.
Bhikshatana is a popular icon in South India, in contrast to North India, where it is of lesser importance. Though Bhikshatana does not have any temples dedicated to him as the primary deity, he is sculpted in stone temple walls, worshipped as a subsidiary deity, and cast in bronze as a temple festival processional icon in almost every major Tamil Shiva temple. Many Tamil language hymns sing of Bhikshatana's wanderings, often narrating of the pining of the love-smitten who are enamored of him .[Ref-www.enwikipedia.org/wiki/Bhiksatana]
Kapala and Kalamukha Sects
The Kapalas and Kalamukhas are two distinct sects though they were often confused with one another. According to Ramanuja the Kapalikas (members of Kapala sect) maintained that a man who was advanced in their doctrine could attain the highest bliss by concentrating his mind on the soul seated on the female organ. They worshipped Bhairava the great God and attributed great virtue and occult powers to drinking wine and eating disgusting substances as food. They performed human sacrifices and believed that by the practice of Yoga they could achieve miraculous powers of speedy movement. The Kalamukhas held that happiness in this world and salvation in the next could be attained by such practices as (1) eating food in a human skull (2) besmearing the body with the ashes of the dead and also eating those ashes (3) worshipping the God as seated in a pot of wine and (4) holding a club. Men of other castes could become Brahmanas by performance of certain rites and one who under took the vow of a kapala became a holy saint.
The religious devotion of these outlandish sects was reserved for the horrid God Bhairava with his wife Chandika wearing a garland of human skull and requiring human sacrifices and offering of wine for his propitiation.
They must have been in vogue from fairly early times and their origin may be traced to the terrible form and conception of Rudra. What is however significant is their philosophical aspects of Saivism. [www. civilservicesindia.com/subject/prelims/kapala-kalamuka-sects.html]
The Kapalika tradition was a non- Puranic ,tantric form of Shai vism in India whose members wrote the Bhairava Tantras , including the subdivision called the Kaula Tantras. These groups are generally known as Kapalikas, the "skull-men," so called because, like the Lakula Pasupata, they carried a skull-topped staff ( Khatvanga) and cranium begging bowel Unlike the respectable Brahmin householder of the Shaiva Siddhanta , the Kapalika ascetic imitated his ferocious deity, and covered himself in the ashes from the cremation ground, and propitiated his gods with the impure substances of blood, meat, alcohol, and sexual fluids from intercourse unconstrained by caste restrictions The Kapalikas thus flaunted impurity rules and went against Vedic injunctions The aim was power through evoking deities, especially goddesses.
The kapalikas may also have been related to the Kalamuka ("black faces") of medieval South India (Lorenzen 1972). Moreover, in modern TamilNadu , certain Shaivite cults associated with the goddess Angala Parameswari , Irulappasami, and Sudalai Madan, are known to practice or have practiced ritual cannibalism , and to center their secretive rituals around an object known as a kapparai (Tamil "skull-bowl," derived from the Sanskrit kapala ), a votive device garlanded with flowers and sometimes adorned with faces, which is understood to represent the begging-bowl of Shiva (Meyer 1986 ).[www.en wikipedia.org/kapalika].
Note; The word Kabali is a Meriotic or Deva Nagari [protoDravidian /Nubian word. word The word koppari is not from the Sanskrit word Kapalam as given above. Koppoari is a Tamil word per se; for ex; kopparai thaengaai [coconut]. The root word for the English word “Cup “is from the Tamil word koppari. Kappu + arai = kopparai. Kappu --means to protect [the shell protecting the kernel] and arai means space or room. Symbolically coconut or Thangaai is the skull as the skull is similar to the coconut in having the outer shell and the inner kernel , the brain. This is the reason behind, Indians offering coconuts to their gods [symbolic sacrifice].
The "Naramundo Khela" (Skull Game) is a ritual that appears only to take place in the village of Sona Palasi. It is dedicated to Lord Shiva, a Hindu deity who is depicted by a snake around his neck, and marks the start of the Bengali New Year on April 15.
As part of the festival, some villagers carrying skulls and daggers danced to rhythmic drum beats with their bodies covered with white ash and spotted with red and green paints as around 2,000 other people watched.
One villager danced with the corpse of a baby .[ Ref--www.reuters.com/article/2007/04/13/us-india-skulls]
Vamana and Maha Bali
The legend of Bahavatha has it that the Vamana avatar was taken by Vishnu to restore Indra's authority over the heavens, which was taken away by Mahabali, a benevolent Asura king . Bali was the grandson of Prahlada , the son of Hiranyakshipu. Vamana, in the guise of a short Brahman to live in. Given a promise of three steps of land by King Mahabali against the warning given by his Guru Sukracharya , Vamana, The Supreme God enlarged himself to such dimensions as to stride over the three worlds. He had grown so huge that he could step from heaven to earth, and earth to the lower worlds in two simple steps. King Mahabali , unable to fulfill the promise of three paces of land to the Supreme God, offers his head for the third step. Thus Vamana places his foot on King Mahabali's head and gives him immortality for his benevolence. Being worshipped however by Mahabali and his ancestor Prahláda, he conceded to them the sovereignty of Patala (netherworld).
Vamana taught King Mahabali that arrogance and pride should be abandoned if any advancement in life is to be made, and that wealth should never be taken for granted since it can so easily be taken away. Vamana then took on the form o Mahavishnu and was pleased by King Mahabali's determination and ability to keep his promise, despite his spiritual master's curse and the prospect of losing all his wealth. Vishnu named the King Mahabali since he was a Mahatma (great soul). He allowed Mahabali to return to the spiritual sky toassociate with Prahalada (the demoniac Hiranyakashipu's pious son) and other divine beings. Mahavishnu also declared that Mahabali would be able to rule the universe in the following Yuga (age). Mahabali was the grandson of Prahlada , being the son of Prahlada's son Virochana who was killed in a battle with the Devas.
Mahabali is supposed to return every year to the land of his people, to ensure that they are prosperous.
Onam:
Folk song about Maveli says "Maveli nadu vaneedum kalam, manushyarellarum onnu pole". The song says that all people were equal when Maveli ruled.
The story goes that the beautiful state of Kerala was the capital of the Asura (demon) king, Bali. However, he was very religious, was respectful to priests and performed Vedic Aswamedha ritual to enlarge his kingdom and like his grandfather [Prahalada]), was one of the greatest devotees of Lord Vishnu on Earth as he sacrificed his kingdom for the Lord. The King was greatly respected in his kingdom and was considered to be wise, judicious and extremely generous. It is said that Kerala witnessed its golden era in the reign of King Bali. Everybody was happy in the kingdom; there was no discrimination on the basis of caste or class. There was neither crime, nor corruption. People did not even lock their doors, as there were no thieves in that kingdom. There was no poverty, sorrow or disease in the reign of King Bali and everybody was happy and content. Banan was the only son of Bali.
Note: If Maha Bali or Maha Vali was a devotee of Vishnu, why did Lord Vishnu kill him in a cunning way?!
Note: Aswamedha ritual is an Aaryan ritual.
However, because he was a Daitya (descendant of Diti}, he was viewed by the Devas as unsafe. Otherwise, as the Vamana Purana reads, the rule of Mahabali was righteous.
Note; Just because Bali was an Asuran [ asuran-black Dravidian, Suran-- white Aaryan] , he was killed by the Aaryan Devas. Asuran clan people were Dravidian Siva worshippers, while, Suran [Devas ] were Aariyan Vishnu worshippers. Asuran Dravidians are Shorter than the Suran Aaryan Devas. Hence Vamanan could not be a Brahmin.
Note: The Skanda Purana, a Saivite text also reads that Bali worships Shiva everyday .
According to the Brahma-Vaivarta Puranam , it was Lord Vishnu who positioned Bali in power to curb the pride of Indra.
The Bahavatha Purana reads "He ( Vishnu) will take the kingdom away from Purandara ( Lord Indra]) and give it to Bali Maharaja.
Note: These versions are in contradiction to the ideas as told in Bahavatha.
Tulsidas' Ramacharitmanas declares that Vamana became the Dvarapala ( gate-keeper ) of Bali.
Some traditions also hold that Vamana was an avatar of Ganesha.
Note” If it is so Vamana is not the Avathar of Lord Vishnu ! Is it so ?I
According to the Adhyatma Ramayana It is also said that Vamana is the guard of the gate of Bali's underworld realm Sutala and will remain so forever.
Note : The gate keeper post of Pathala is usually held by a demon or an asuran or by a Siva gana only and a Brahamin Vamanan could not become a gate keeper even though he was short in build..
The word Ga?a in Sanskrit means "flock, troop, multitude, number, tribe, series, and class" (Monier Williams's dictionary). It can also be used to refer to a "body of attendants" and can refer to "a company, any assemblage or association of men formed for the attainment of the same aims"
In Hinduism, the Ga?as are attendants of Siva and live in Kailas am. Ganesha was chosen as their leader by Shiva, hence Ganesha's title ga?a-pati , "lord of the ga?as.
The word "gana" can also refer to councils or assemblies convened to discuss matters of religion or other topics.
In Hinduism, the gana or bhutagana are attendants of Shiva that reside in chthonic and luminal locations such as cemeteries and charnel grounds . The Buthagana also attend to Shiva on Mount Kailasam. The story of creation of Virabhadra from the Shiva's lock and destruction of Daksha by Virabadra and his ganas is a popular myth.
Note: In charnel grounds the bowl used by the Butha ganas was the Kabalam.
Ganas in Shanti Parva
A detailed analysis has been done about ganas in chapter 108 of shanthi Parva in which Yudhisthira asks Bhimsa about the ganas that how ganas increase, how they defend themselves from the dividing-policy of enemies, what are the techniques to conquer enemies and making the ganas friends, how they hide their secret mantras being in majority. The Bhisma's answers to these questions have been recorded in the form of shlokas in Shanti Parva.
Ganas in Vedas
Ganas have been narrated in Vedas in the form of assemblies of warriors as is clear from the following suthras of Rid Veda
Gana in brief means an assembly. Ganatantra (republic) means a state run by assemblies.
The representative members of clans were known as ganas and their assembly as Sanghas , there chief as gana adipathi or Ganesha and Ganapathi.
During Buddhist period, the Buddhist books like Pali -pitaka', Malihamnikaya, Mahabagga, Avadana shataka', have mentioned ganas and sanghas many times. During Buddha's period there were 116 republics or ganasanghas in India.
The word dwarf appears in numerous forms in the old languages of Europe: In Middle Dutch is is dwerch, in contemporary Dutch it appears as dwerg; in Old High German it is twerg, while in Middle High German it is dwerch or dwarch. And in Old Frisian it appears as dwirg. The contemporary English spelling comes from the Old English dweorg or dweorh
The plural form, dwarfs, has been traced to the seventeenth century. The alternate plural, dwarves, has been recorded in the early eighteenth century, but was not generally accepted until used by philologist J.R.R Tolkien in his fantasy novel, The Hobbit. Neither is the historical plural: "dwarf" was pluralized dwarrow in Anglo-Saxon although dwarrow has passed from the language, both "dwarfs" and "dwarves" are in current use. Many grammarians prefer "dwarfs," many fantasies prefer "dwarves." The form "dwarfs" is generally used for human beings affected by dwarfism; the form "dwarves" is used for the mythical people described by Tolkien and other authors.
The word Dwarf must be from the word Thuvara b[p]alagan or Dwara b[p]alaga. Thuvaram means a small hole in Tamil. The thuvaram leads to the Thal varam or the nether world of Pathalam [parantha thalam--big floor] with its 7 realms. Hence the gate keepers of thuvaram to the underworld were small in size and they were the Asura Siva Ganas. The word thuvara palagan [ small- child like size ] [palagan means child of “ breast milk taking age” [ Pal --milk --agan --boy child] [agavai --age ] . Hence the thuvara [small] of thuvara palagan [Tamil] or Dwara balagan [Sanskrit] should be the root word for the English word Dwarf. Original meaning of thuvaram in Tamil means small sized hole. Thuvara palagan means a small sized boy, the gate keeper.
To put together, The mighty King Maha Veli was killed by the cunning Brahamins as he was an [ Dravidian ] asuran , inspite of his righteous rule. In fact Bali was only a Siva worshipper and so he was totally against aswamedha yagam There was no caste systems in his rule contrary to the expections of Brahamins. These factors irked the Brahamins very much. For that , the Brahamins made use of a Vamanan , a siva gana per se, as a paid cooly. As Maha bali , in his palace
greeted the Siva Gana , namely the vamana as usual as a respect of his lord Siva , the paid killer , head hunter , Pygmy Vamanan had done his job quiet well to the complete satisfactions of the Brahmins. Actually King Maha veli has given his own head , the cephalous, the Kablam as the bowl for “ Siva “ Himself to feed Him who had come in the disguise of Siva Gana , Vamanan. King Maha bali was killed by a Vamanan who was in disguise of Lord Siva ! So cruel ! The Vamanan , the Brahamanan is!; cunning than the head hunting pygmy of Bali Island. Is was not just an act of decapitating Lord Siva [Bikhsatana] by Vishnu , a story of enemity between Saivites and Vainavites [Dravidians and Aaryans ] but then it was an act of rationalizing the real killing of a Asuran king in the past by the cunning Brhamins to cheat the commons.
Throughout the world in the prehistoric times, from Bali of South East Asia, to Mexico , there was only one sun god by name Bali . In between the lands, He was called as Kabali in India and and in Nubia. He was called as Akhenaten, Or Eka Nathan [single or the only god] in Egypt. In Canaan He was worshipped as Baa'l. In Mali of Africa again, He was called as Kapala [place name]. In Bali of Crete He was worshipped as Bali. In Mayan's Mexico, He received human sacrifices as in all other places of his worship and he was named there also as Baa'l. During the archaic period, Kabali was called as Siva or saeyon in India by the Dravidian people. Seyon was latter called as Zeus in Greece. Who were those Baal or Kabali worshippers from east to west?!
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Figures of 1 Gana, the Dwara palagan 2. Dancing ganas 3 and 4.Kabalam 5.Korawai tribals.6.Korawai man with skull. 7. Kouros.8.south wall, Brihadeswara temple, Thanjavur.9.Vamanan of Sri .Padmavathi Balaji Mandir of Lord Venkatesha, Tehri Gahrwa., Uthranchal.
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Throughout the world in the prehistoric times, from Bali of South East Asia, to Mexico , there was only one sun god by name Bali . In between the lands, He was called as Kabali in India and and in Nubia. He was called as Akhenaten, Or Eka Nathan [single or the only god] in Egypt. In Canaan He was worshipped as Baa'l. In Mali of Africa again, He was called as Kapala [place name]. In Bali of Crete He was worshipped as Bali. In Mayan's Mexico, He received human sacrifices as in all other places of his worship and he was named there also as Baa'l. During the archaic period, Kabali was called as Siva or saeyon in India by the Dravidian people. Seyon was latter called as Zeus in Greece. Who were those Baal or Kabali worshippers from east to west?!
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